The phenomenal evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) and information technologies now surpasses the evolution of the human brain, potentially creating a "capability gap" between humans and AI agents. We wish to bridge this gap and harmonize the relationship between human intelligence and AI to maximize performance and improve quality of life. A promising avenue lies in the development of adaptive systems and Human Agent Teaming (HAT). So-called "intelligent" systems can adapt their actions (albeit, the interface, the information they distribute, the tasks they perform and delegate, or the feedback they provide) dynamically based on the functional behavior and state of the system user (e.g., the cognitive state of an airplane pilot to modulate autopilot or the success of trainees to customize the content of an educational game). The adaptive capacity of an intelligent system relies on the continuous, almost real-time, monitoring of the cognitive and affective state of the user. Advances in the technological aspects of adaptive systems are proceeding at a rate faster than the cognitive and neuroscience research on which such advances should be based.
